‘It’s getting worse year after year’: Could water from Hungary’s thermal spas save arid farmland?

Oszkár Nagyapáti climbs to the bottom of a sandy pit on his land on the Great Hungarian Plain and digs into the soil with his hand, looking for a sign of groundwater that in recent years has been in accelerating retreat.

“It’s much worse, and it’s getting worse year after year,” he says as cloudy liquid slowly seeps into the hole. ”Where did so much water go? It’s unbelievable.”

Nagyapáti has watched with distress as the region in southern Hungary, once an important site for agriculture, has become increasingly parched and dry. Where a variety of crops and grasses once filled the fields, today there are wide cracks in the soil and growing sand dunes more reminiscent of the Sahara Desert than Central Europe.

What's behind Hungary's emerging 'semiarid' region?

The region, known as the Homokhátság, has been described by some studies as semiarid - a distinction more common in parts of Africa, the American Southwest or Australian Outback - and is characterised by very little rain, dried-out wells and a water table plunging ever deeper underground.

In a 2017 paper in European Countryside, a scientific journal, researchers cited “the combined effect of climatic changes, improper land use and inappropriate environmental management” as causes for the Homokhátság's aridification, a phenomenon the paper called unique in this part of the continent.

Fields that in previous centuries would be regularly flooded by the Danube and Tisza Rivers have, through a combination of climate change-related droughts and poor water retention practices, become nearly unsuitable for crops and wildlife.

‘Water guardians’ are on a mission to save the region

Now a group of farmers and other volunteers, led by Nagyapáti, are trying to save the region and their lands from total desiccation using a resource for which Hungary is famous: thermal water.

“I was thinking about what could be done, how could we bring the water back or somehow create water in the landscape," says Nagyapáti. "There was a point when I felt that enough is enough. We really have to put an end to this. And that's where we started our project to flood some areas to keep the water in the plain.”

Along with the group of volunteer “water guardians”, Nagyapáti began negotiating with authorities and a local thermal spa last year, hoping to redirect the spa's overflow water - which would usually pour unused into a canal - onto their lands. The thermal water is drawn from very deep underground.

Could thermal water be used to mimic natural flooding?

According to the water guardians' plan, the water, cooled and purified, would be used to flood a 2.5-hectare low-lying field - a way of mimicking the natural cycle of flooding that channelising the rivers had ended.

“When the flooding is complete and the water recedes, there will be 2.5 hectares of water surface in this area," Nagyapáti says. "This will be quite a shocking sight in our dry region.”

A 2024 study by Hungary’s Eötvös Loránd University showed that unusually dry layers of surface-level air in the region had prevented any arriving storm fronts from producing precipitation. Instead, the fronts would pass through without rain, and result in high winds that dried out the topsoil even further.

Artificial flooding could also create a microclimate

The water guardians hoped that by artificially flooding certain areas, they wouldn't only raise the groundwater level but also create a microclimate through surface evaporation that could increase humidity, reduce temperatures and dust and have a positive impact on nearby vegetation.

Tamás Tóth, a meteorologist in Hungary, says that because of the potential impact such wetlands can have on the surrounding climate, water retention “is simply the key issue in the coming years and for generations to come, because climate change does not seem to stop.

"The atmosphere continues to warm up, and with it the distribution of precipitation, both seasonal and annual, has become very hectic, and is expected to become even more hectic in the future,” he says.

‘Immense happiness’: Water guardians put plans into action

Following another hot, dry summer this year, the water guardians blocked a series of sluices along a canal, and the repurposed water from the spa began slowly gathering in the low-lying field.

After a couple of months, the field had nearly been filled. Standing beside the area in early December, Nagyapáti says that the shallow marsh that has formed "may seem very small to look at it, but it brings us immense happiness here in the desert.”

He says the added water will have a “huge impact” within a roughly 4-kilometre radius, "not only on the vegetation, but also on the water balance of the soil. We hope that the groundwater level will also rise.”

Hungary has appointed a drought task force

Persistent droughts in the Great Hungarian Plain have threatened desertification, a process where vegetation recedes because of high heat and low rainfall. Weather-damaged crops have dealt significant blows to the country’s overall gross domestic product, prompting Prime Minister Viktor Orbán to announce this year the creation of a “drought task force” to deal with the problem.

After the water guardians' first attempt to mitigate the growing problem in their area, they said they experienced noticeable improvements in the groundwater level, as well as an increase of flora and fauna near the flood site.

The group, which has grown to more than 30 volunteers, would like to expand the project to include another flooded field, and hopes their efforts could inspire similar action by others to conserve the most precious resource.

“This initiative can serve as an example for everyone, we need more and more efforts like this," Nagyapáti says. "We retained water from the spa, but retaining any kind of water, whether in a village or a town, is a tremendous opportunity for water replenishment.”